Figure: Euclidean vs. Dual Steering on Gemma & CLIP Models

(Figure courtesy: Kiho Park & Todd Nief)

Abstract

This paper concerns the question of how AI systems encode semantic structure into the geometric structure of their representation spaces. The motivating observation of this paper is that the natural geometry of these representation spaces should reflect the way models use representations to produce behavior. We focus on the important special case of representations that define softmax distributions. In this case, we argue that the natural geometry is information geometry. Our focus is on the role of information geometry on semantic encoding and the linear representation hypothesis. As an illustrative application, we develop “dual steering”, a method for robustly steering representations to exhibit a particular concept using linear probes. We prove that dual steering optimally modifies the target concept while minimizing changes to off-target concepts. Empirically, we find that dual steering enhances the controllability and stability of concept manipulation.

Citation

Park, K., Nief, T., Choe, Y. J., & Veitch, V. (2026). The Information Geometry of Softmax: Probing and Steering. arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.15293.

@article{park2026information,
  title={The Information Geometry of Softmax: Probing and Steering},
  author={Park, Kiho and Nief, Todd and Choe, Yo Joong and Veitch, Victor},
  journal={arXiv preprint arXiv:2602.15293},
  year={2026}
}